Gender Stereotypes By Aphra Behn ´ s The Rover Essay

Gender Stereotypes in Aphra Behn ´s The Rover The social and sexual freedom that came with the Puritan Protectorate in 1660 did not apply for women. Instead, there was a double standard for men and women. Men had all liberties they wanted to have, but for women there were still only three roles: Nun, prostitute or wife (Goodson, para. 1). Aphra Behn picks up on this issue in her play The Rover, which premiered on March 24, 1677. Certainly, the play contains powerful female characters like Hellena and Florinda. However, these women still fulfill female gender stereotypes, for example being emotional, submissive and dependent of men ´s help. Correspondingly, Ellen Goodson states in her article â€Å"Aphra Behn ´s The Rover: Evaluating Women ´s Social and Sexual Options† that â€Å"Behn ´s female characters strive for independence within the limitations of the English system of courtship and marriage† (para. 6). To begin, Florinda is a Spanish noblewoman who is supposed to marry Don Vincentio, a wealthy Spanish old man, but because she is in love with Belvile, she refuses the forced marriage (Pacheco 323). At the very beginning of the play she tells her sister Hellena: â€Å"With indigation, and how near soever my father thinks I am to marrying that hated object, I shall let him see I understand better what ´s due to my beauty, birth and fortune, and more to my soul, than to obey those injust commands† (1.1. 18-21). Therefore, Florinda can be considered confident and independent, although she is aShow MoreRelatedThe Rover Analysis2460 Words   |  10 PagesIn Aphra Behns â€Å"The Rover,† characters define relationships as a type of economy where value and use are key. This time period commodified love and sexuality, valuing financial success over meaningful relationships. The dowry system made rich women with a high status most desirable for marriage and their value was inc reased by their honor. Typical of seventeenth century literature, Behn plays with this ideology as â€Å"the language of love in Restoration comedies frequently draws on the language of

Compare And Contrast Research Approaches - 982 Words

Compare and Contrast Research Approaches Introduction It is a truism that students need to improve their literacy skills. Through the use of graphic novels, students can develop higher cognitive thinking levels, analyze and interpret various media and see an overall reinforcement of 21st century literacy skills. However, what is still questioned at this point in the research process is whether to use a quantitative approach, a qualitative approach, or a mixture of both approaches. Like the research problem and purpose statement, determining which method would be more productive as literacy tools are reassessed is highly important. A strong research study, using the right method, would be beneficial in increasing comprehension of the topic therefore leading to a more effective way to teach secondary English language learners and struggling readers. Quantitative Approach Researching graphic novel use with ELLs using a quantitative approach, post-structuralism view which even leans toward feminist theory, could become filled with lots of data and not enough personal interaction, even though we see that the student/researcher discussions does take place (Glesne, 2011). However, information gathered through this approach would be more appealing to Administrators. The true key would be for administrators to listen to the highly acclaimed literacy organizations and look past the comic-book-cousin of the graphic novel, especially so in light of the preference shown toward the moreShow MoreRelatedReasearch On The Capabilities Maturity Model831 Words   |  4 Pagesprojects How does this model be built, and how could we use this model to evaluate a software organization? In this research paper, I will present the history of Capability Maturity Model first and then present my initial findings about CMM. And this paper will also give details of my research a pproach for CMM, research hypothesis, and research conclusion. By compare and contrast with the CMM model and development of modern software industry, finally I will try to give my modern approach for evaluatingRead MoreBioinformatics: Microarray Technology678 Words   |  3 Pagesdata has become a popular research area in bioinformatics. Ever since the advent of microarray technology in the field of biomedical research, it led to the development of numerous analytic methods to analyse gene expression data from microarray. However, most of the methods are single gene based which unable to detect subtle but coordinated differentially expressed genes and these genes often dropped during feature selection by strict cut-off threshold [1,2]. In contrast, pathway-based microarrayRead MoreCritically Compare and Contrast Community Psychology and Public Health Approaches to Social Problems851 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay, I will critically compare and contrast community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. I will do this by comparing strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, as well as similarities between these approaches. To compare these two concepts, one should first have a basic understanding of the origins and historical development of community psychology and public health. According to the American Heritage Medical dictionary (www.ahdictionary.com) Community PsychologyRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) And A Family Systems Approach1242 Words   |  5 PagesVolker, Lock, Taylor, and Jacobi, 2012; Park, Waller, and Gannon, 2013). In this paper, I compare and contrast an individual approach involving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a family systems approach. Definitions and descriptions of studies involving both approaches will be provided, and a comparison will be made. Finally, a discussion of the ethics of both studies will be discussed. Two Approaches to Treatment Individual Approach: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT CBT is defined as a formRead MoreHarry Harlow1572 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast research by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment This essay is looking at the similarities of two researchers into attachment. The aim is to present their work so as to compare and contrast the different approaches and techniques used by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. Even though they both had their different techniques in carrying out their experiments, the conclusion of their findings was very similar and this essay will be showing these findingsRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Approaches Of Implementing A Writer s Workshop Of The Classroom Segments And Instructional Approaches757 Words   |  4 Pages1. Compare the similarities and differences in approaches to implementing a writer s workshop of the teacher in the video segments and the instructional approaches you read about in chapter 5. How do the methods reflect current theory and research on teaching the writing process? Chapter five stresses the importance of a structured writer’s workshop with set procedures. The authors suggest that it should start with a reading aloud of a text, then introducing mini lesson, establishing status of theRead Morebusiness Assignment1024 Words   |  5 PagesDiploma in Business Management (Part-time) BEHAVIOUR AT WORK Unit 3: Organisations and Behaviour Outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Outcome 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership Outcome 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations SCENARIO According to Bergstram and HamiltonRead MoreVrio Analysis632 Words   |  3 PagesVRIO analysis is a suitable strategic tool that is essential in evaluating the sustainability of a corporation’s competitive advantage. By analyzing the capabilities and resources of a firm, the management is able to identify the suitable approaches of increasing the firm’s market share and broadening the consumer base. One of the key elements encompassed in the VRIO framework entails the value of the identified capabilities and resources. In order to acquire a sustainable competitive advantage overRead More The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as

Case Study Nursing Growth and Developmental Theories

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Nursingfor Growth and Developmental Theories. Answer: Various growth and developmental theories can focus on the human development. The developmental theories mainly focus on the growth of the human throughout the lifespan. It needs to mention that in the care process, the patient should be included in the treatment procedure. As Anne is a child of 10 years old, she needs to know about the medical treatment. As she is a child, she may not understand the medical terms. The doctors need to use simple language to teach Anne about her medical problem. However, this can create fear in Anne. As a result, the development of her health status may deteriorate. Therefore, family members and the doctor need to be careful before sharing the concern. Snow et al. (2016) mentioned that it is necessary to involve a child in the decision making as this can help them to develop the new skills and are able to make connection with community. Moreover, the children can express their problems in better way than others can. This will help the doctor to take a ny decision regarding treatment. However, it is necessary to involve the children from the beginning of the discussion that will help her to gain knowledge. This knowledge can help the child in development of the cognitive power. However, before involving the child in the decision-making, a proper plan should be made. The discussion procedure should be interesting that will motivate the child to be involved (Montravers et al., 2016). The motivation can help Anne to overcome her problems and get well soon. As Anne is suffering from the right iliac fossa pain and doctor suspected about the appendicitis, she has the right to know about the disease. She should know about the pathophysiology of the gangrenous perforated appendix with the peritonitis. The involvement of Anne can influence the caring nurses to provide the proper caring. The growth and developmental expected milestones have the influence on the caring system. The nurse needs to assess the problems of Anne and make a standard growth chart. This will help the nurse to monitor the growth and development of Anne. However, the child should not be forced to achieve the milestones than the time (Daskalakis, Juhlin Phlman, 2014). As Anne is already 10 years old, she is going to be adolescents in two years. Therefore, she may need special care in such condition. The patient must be encouraged for the age appropriate self-care. The implementation of the growth and development, it can be suggested that for the development of the patient, significant interventions are necessary. In the development of the patient, nurse plays the significant role as she is allocated for 24 hours in the caring of the patient (Kirby et al., 2015). In the case scenario, Anne has some infection and potential complications, for which she had to stay in the hospital for more 10 days. The nurse took care of her and gave IV antibiotics for the pain management. She was admitted due the right iliac fossa pain. However, the doctor suspected about the appendicitis and suggested for the appendectomy. In such condition, Anne needs much care to get well soon. The problems of Anne can increase with the time and age. Therefore, the nurse needs to be careful during providing the care. After the surgery, the patient needs to stay in the hospital at least for 4 days if any critical condition arises (Hansson et al., 2014). However, Anne had to stay for 10 days due to complex situation. In such condition, the infection needs to be prevented at first and the patient need intensive care. References Daskalakis, K., Juhlin, C., Phlman, L. (2014). The use of pre-or postoperative antibiotics in surgery for appendicitis: a systematic review.Scandinavian Journal of Surgery,103(1), 14-20. Hansson, J., Khorram-Manesh, A., Alwindawe, A., Lundholm, K. (2014). A model to select patients who may benefit from antibiotic therapy as the first line treatment of acute appendicitis at high probability.Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,18(5), 961-967. Kirby, A., Hobson, R. P., Burke, D., Cleveland, V., Ford, G., West, R. M. (2015). Appendicectomy for suspected uncomplicated appendicitis is associated with fewer complications than conservative antibiotic management: a meta-analysis of post-intervention complications.Journal of Infection,70(2), 105-110. Montravers, P., Blot, S., Dimopoulos, G., Eckmann, C., Eggimann, P., Guirao, X., ... De Waele, J. (2016). Therapeutic management of peritonitis: a comprehensive guide for intensivists.Intensive care medicine,42(8), 1234-1247. Snow, A. F., Vannahme, M., Kettley, L., Pullyblank, A. (2016). Ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm precipitated by gangrenous perforated appendicitis: a case report.Journal of surgical case reports,2016(5).

Visual Basic Essay Example

Visual Basic Essay Visual Basic is a programming language and development environment created by Microsoft. It is an extension of the BASIC programming language that combines BASIC functions and commands with visual controls. Visual Basic provides a graphical user interface GUI that allows the developer to drag and drop objects into the program as well as manually write program code. Visual Basic, also referred to as VB, is designed to make software development easy and efficient, while still being powerful enough to create advanced programs. For example, the Visual Basic language is designed to be human readable, which means the source code can be understood without requiring lots of comments. The Visual Basic program also includes features like IntelliSense and Code Snippets, which automatically generate code for visual objects added by the programmer. Another feature, called AutoCorrect, can debug the code while the program is running. Programs created with Visual Basic can be designed to run on Windows, on the Web, within Office applications, or on mobile devices. Visual Studio, the most comprehensive VB development environment, or IDE, can be used to create programs for all these mediums. Visual Studio . NET provides development tools to create programs based on the . NET framework, such as ASP. NET applications, which are often deployed on the Web. Finally, Visual Basic is available as a streamlined application that is used primarily by beginning developers and for educational purposes. HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language) Stands for Hyper-Text Markup Language. This is the language that Web pages are written in. We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Basic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Basic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Basic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also known as hypertext documents, Web pages must conform to the rules of HTML in order to be displayed correctly in a Web browser. The HTML syntax is based on a list of tags that describe the pages format and what is displayed on the Web page. Fortunately, the HTML language is relatively easy to learn. Even more fortunately (so much for good grammar), many Web development programs allow you to create Web pages using a graphical interface. These programs allow you to place objects and text on the page and the HTML code is written for you.

birth and death of a star essays

birth and death of a star essays The night sky, unimaginably deep, is a breathtaking sight. Some three thousand stars can be seen with the naked eye, twinkling points of light that have inspired the human spirit since the dawn of time. Study of the stars, based on data collected from visible-light telescopes, radio telescopes, and detectors wavelengths can now reveal extraordinary amounts of information: size, temperature, chemical composition, internal structure, distance and rotation rate, among other factors. One of the most important discoveries that scientists and astronomers have made is mapping out the life cycle of a star. Little by little, they have discovered all the different stages of a star; from its birth to its eventual death. As giant molecular clouds orbit the center of a galaxy, they are tugged by gravitational and magnetic fields. How fast their constituent particles move depends on their temperatures: the colder the cloud, the slower the particles. Fast moving particles resist collapsing together, and so stars can form only in the dense cores of cold clouds. Typically, these clouds are only about 15 degrees above absolute zero. Periodically, the clouds begin to collapse. The trigger mechanisms for such collapses are thought to be collision between giant molecular clouds or entry onto galactic spiral arms. Both of these occurrences set up compression waves within the cloud, which cause isolated regions to become so dense that gravity overwhelms all other processes and the could collapses. These isolated regions can often contain enough mass to create several hundred stars of similar mass to the sun. They are known as Barnard objects, and often appear as black regions in front of stars. Sometimes regions with emission nebulas reach the appropriate density and collapse. These appear as round, black bubble within the glowing gas. They are referred to as Bok globules. As Barnard objects and Bok globules collapse, isolat...

Benjamin Tucker Tanner

Benjamin Tucker Tanner Overview Benjamin Tucker Tanner  was a prominent figure in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME)  Church  . As a clergyman and news editor, Tucker played a pivotal role in the lives of African-Americans as the Jim Crow Era became a reality. Throughout his career as a religious leader, Tucker integrated the importance of social and political power with fighting racial inequality.   Early Life and Education Tanner was born on December 25, 1835 in Pittsburgh to Hugh and Isabella Tanner. At the age of 17, Tanner became a student at Avery College. By 1856, Tanner had joined the AME Church and continued to further his education at Western Theological Seminary. While a seminary student, Tanner received his license to preach in the AME Church. While studying at Avery College, Tanner met and married Sarah Elizabeth Miller, a former slave who had escaped on the Underground Railroad. Through their union, the couple had four children, including Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, one of the first African-American women to become a physician in the United States and Henry Osawa Tanner, the most distinguished African-American artist of the 19th Century. In 1860, Tanner graduated from Western Theological Seminary with a pastoral certificate.   Within two years, he established an AME Church in Washington D.C. Benjamin Tucker Tanner: AME Minister and Bishop While serving as a minister, Tanner established the United States first school for freed African-Americans in the United States Navy Yard in Washington D.C. Several years later, he supervised freedmans schools in Frederick County, Maryland. During this time, he also published his first book, An Apology for African Methodism in 1867. Elected Secretary of the AME General Conference in 1868, Tanner was also named editor of Christian Recorder. The Christian Recorder soon became the largest circulating African-American newspapers in the United States. By 1878, Tanner received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Wilberforce College.   Soon after, Tanner published his book, Outline and Government of the AME Church and was appointed editor of the newly established AME newspaper, AME Church Review. In 1888, Tanner became a bishop of the AME Church. Death Tanner died on January 14, 1923 in Washington D.C.

How Electricity Pooling differ from Bilateral contract system Essay

How Electricity Pooling differ from Bilateral contract system - Essay Example This was disbanded and replaced by the New Electricity Trade Agreements (NETA), which fostered the relationship of bilateral trading that did not allow for the inherent market manipulations seen in the Pool experience. The new agreements used a forward trade market by developing Power Purchase Agreements, constructed to enhance healthy economic competition. While the cost of development of NETA is debatable, the governing bodies of the Great Britain electricity service industry remain encouraged by the end results of NETA, as it delivered lowered costs for end-consumers and removed the ability of major players to manipulate the market. For an effective understanding of the electronic service industry and the marketing impacts it manifests, it is first important to understand the deliverables of energy distribution as a commodity. As a commodity, the electrical service contains unique and unequivocal attributes due to the amalgamated technical aspects which prevail in this service domain. The interconnected technical characteristics as well as the commoditized aspects of this industry in turn beget exceptional considerations in the manner of trade within the industry. The following summarises Steve Thomass (2006) description of the characteristics of electricity as a commodity. Electricity functions as a commodity with distinctive features that separate the electricity service industry from incommensurable service industries. Electricity, foremost, is a constant in the neoteric society, and secondarily the electricity service industry has a prevalent impact on the ecological aspect of the modern world, which separates it drastically from standard service markets-except perhaps the manufacturing industries. In the archetypal industries, the product can be stored to allow for effective supply and demand distributions when a service product becomes diminished or bounteous, the suppliers have the ability to control the

Distribution Channels and Role of Advertising in Marketing Essay

Distribution Channels and Role of Advertising in Marketing - Essay Example Role of Advertising in Marketing Once an organization has finished making a product and distributed it to local retailers, they need to be able to convince the consumer to purchase the product. Unless a consumer is told and informed about a particular product, then it is likely that they will not buy it because they don’t know anything about it. This is why advertising is so important. Advertising is only one part of a marketing campaign, but it is perhaps the most vital. The most common method to do this is through persuasion. Consumers need a valid reason before purchasing a product, so it is important to give them a few. The marketing department of an organization does not just put out advertisements at random; often surveys or focus groups are used to determine how well the advertisement of a product will go down with a consumer. There are many different ways to advertise a product, such as through television, radio, billboards, or even social media. This last method is becoming extremely popular in toda y’s global environment because it is often free and can reach a wide range of people.It is important that any form of advertising is positive, because a bad advertising campaign can have a negative effect on a brand.It can take months and even years for a company to restore its reputation with the public.

US History-Westward Expansion Wars & Indians Essay Example for Free

US History-Westward Expansion Wars Indians Essay This paper concentrates upon the historical expansion of the USA over the territory of Native Americans, this process as a series of wars was hard and challenging for both sides. At the beginning of the 19th century, when United States were growing really quickly, expanding the territories to the South, there appeared impediment on their way, namely the territories which used to be the native lands of the Cherokee, Greek, Choctaw, Seminole tribes. For white Americans these people were not defending their own lands, they were causing obstacles for the progressive growth, whereas they needed these lands so much for growing cotton, thus were doing everything possible to make the Federal government to submit the territories of Indians. The main reason of these wars is believed to be the colonial interest of the US. Generally historians describe these events using the term Indian Wars conflicts between the USA and Native Americans or Indians. This term also includes the colonial wars, before the United States were created. During the period starting from the mentioned colonial wars till the American frontier of 1890 Indians had to go thought the process of assimilation, dissimilation and were made to relocate to special places, which were later called Indian reservations. â€Å"One scholar has noted that the more than 40 Indians wars from 1775 till 1890 reportedly claimed the lives of some 45. 000 Indians and 19. 000 of whites†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (J. Tebbel, K. Jennison, 11). Generally talking about Native Indians, we have to underline that actually these were not all the same people, there were some formal unites, that took part in the wars, the main decisions about wars and peace were also taken locally, and there were certain leaders of the alliances. One of the examples can be the Iroquois Confederation. Most scholars nowadays state that it would be too simple and not deep enough to consider these wars as just racial wars between Indian people and American people, the fact was that Indians didn’t struggle only with white people, they also fought with Indians as well. The result of the wars was however rather of single meaning, namely the conquest of the United States of Native Americans. The years from 1622 to 1774 are called colonial era for America. This period of time includes the wars between Native Americans and the USA before the Declaration of independence was issued. Colonial powers in North America had to subdue the resistance of the native people, trying to overcome their hostility. The following 70 years were the wars against the United States that were newly formed. The year 1763 is known for the Pontiac’s Rebellion in the territory of Northwest. The main conflict at that moment with Native Americans was the consequence of not giving up of the tribes from Northwest of the settlement in the Ohio valley. The first couple of attempts of white people was not successful enough to defeat the tribes, but in 1794, during the battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne was victorious. In 1830 president Andrew Jackson remade the Indian Removal Act into law. The act itself was not s straight order for relocating Native Americans, but it was pushing them to exchange their lands in the eastern part for those in the west. One of the historians Robert V. Remini stated that the deeds of the president could be explained by his intention to keep national security as the main reason, because at that time Great Britain and Spain started to use the Native Americans for the war with the United States. After the year 1815 the US was pushing the Indians to reservations by Mississippi river, and the result of the mentioned policy was the fact that by 1860 most of the tribes had to relocate. Usually that was not done peacefully; there were fights and strong resistance. For example in order to move the Seminole it was necessary to win several wars for the white Americans. â€Å"The most notable Seminole War involved the celebrated Osceola. Similarly the refusal of the Sac and Fox to be removed led to the Black Hawk War in 1832† (J. Tebbel, K. Jennison, 25). During the years 1823 – 1890 the western part of the Mississippi was the territory of hard resistance from Indian tribes against white settlers, the strongest were the Sioux of the Northern Plains and the Apache of the Southwest. In 1864 the battle called the Sand Greek Massacre took place, as the result around 150 persons were killed or injured. â€Å"The Indians at Sand Greek had been assured, by the US government that they would be safe in the territory they were occupying, but anti-Indian sentiments by white settlers were running high. Later congressional investigations resulted in short-lived U. S. public outcry against the slaughter of the native Americans† (Y. Bill, 137). Later on there was a number of another war conflicts, but as soon as in the year 1887 the Dawes Act was issued the new epoch stared, practically the resistance of the Native Americans was finally broken and the U. S. government succeeded in removing them to reservations. Overall, the epoch of the Indian wars is a huge bloody spot in the history of the USA. One the one hand, being guided by the best aim of progress and development the white Americans did their best in order to remove Indians from their native lands, although the cost for it were thousands of people’s lives. It is not necessary to mention that the interests of Native Americans were not much taken into consideration, and their resistance is practically well founded. Sources: 1. M.Norton. A People A Nation Volume One: to 1877, Seventh Edition, 2004 2. Portrait of America: From the European Discovery of America to the End of Reconstruction by Stephen B. Oates, 2000 3. Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America (The Penguin History of the United States , Volume I) (History of the USA ), 1999 4. Y. Bill. Indian Wars: The campaign for the American West. Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2005 5. M. Schmitt, D. Brown. Fighting Indians of the West, 1966 6. J. Tebbel, K. Jennison. The American Indian Wars, 1990.

Human Nature And The Declaration Of Independence Essay -- essays resea

Human Nature and the Declaration of Independence I would like to show that the view of human nature that is shown in The Declaration of Independence is taken more from the Bible and that that view is in disagreement with two of the three esays given in class. The Biblical perspective of man is that he was created by a divine Creator with a specific plan in mind and made in the image of his Creator. Men are entitled to the pursuit of happiness but also required by the Laws of Nature and Nature's God to be the just attendants of the land and of the governed. The Nature of man is sinful so that they must be governed but those who govern must be accountable to God just as the founding fathers were. God is Sovereign over men as the final Judge. The Declaration of Independence is a document co-written by the founding fathers in order to declare their independence of the Crown of Britain. They belived this to be within their rights indowed upon them by their Creator. Believing that they were under religious persecution and certain forms of "absolute tyranny" from Britian the founding fathers felt it was necessary to break the bonds that connected them to the monarchy. Not only did they feel they had the God given right to do that but they also based their arguments on the workings of governments of the time and contemporary theories of government of writers and political-social thinkers of their time. The three essays that were given to us in class, Politics by Aristotle, Of Commonwealth by Thomas Hobbes, and Of the Limits of Government by John Locke are all very intersting essays on how government is supposed to funtion. Although the founding fathers probably read all three of these essays and simialar philosphical thought went into the writing of The Declaration of Independence I think that the only essay of the really used by the founding fathers was Of the Limits of Government by John Locke. Unfortunately the version of this essay given to us in class was truncated and consisted actually of two different essays written by John Locke. . Thomas Hobbes [1588-1679] is the founder of the theories of Hobbism which calls on absolute monarchy in order to deal with what he calls inherently selfish, aggrandizing nature of humanity. ... ...place to God, and afterwards to the laws." It seems pretty clear to me when I readThe Declaration of Independence and when I read quotes from the founding fathers and their contemporaries that it was the work of strong Bible believing men that first made the monumental leap in breaking union with Britian. Unfortunately their words and lives have gone by the wayside in our hearts and minds.Instead of learning about George Washington's famous words of Christian faith or how he emerged unscathed from battle with his uniform riddeled with bullet holes our History books teach us all about how he could not lie when he chopped down the cherry tree. If men such as Hobes and Aristotle could have even welled up enough courage in their cold and timid souls 200 years ago to break the tyrrany of the British, I strongly believe that our country would have quickly decayed in immorality and greed. "So whither you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God." (1Cor 10:31) - Christianity and the Constitution p.51,53 ; America's Providential History p.156 ; Myth of Separation p.195-96

Ideology For Motherhood Essay

The following essay is going to discuss why motherhood is difficult to define from an ideology perspective. It will discuss motherhood in general and what surrounds motherhood and why it is difficult to define from an ideology perspective and also explain what ideology means. The essay will also discuss motherhood and how mothers can be mothers other than through a biological way. Also discussed throughout the essay is how surrogacy and adoption leads to someone becoming a mother. The essay will finish with a conclusion and highlight key facts on motherhood and why it is difficult to define the word motherhood. A bibliography will be used to show the different sources used to gain the information in the assignment. Ideology is a way of peoples view and perceptions of the way they see the world, different beliefs and people’s expectations of how we live or the way we should live our life. People believe in their beliefs and that they should follow the way they have been shown. (Wise geek, 2003) Liberal feminism ideology sees motherhood as rights, responsibilities, empowerment, equity, justice and identity. Whereas matenalism sees motherhood as a material well-being to the health and safety of their children. (Tucker.J, 2004) The word mother is a simple word but has many more different definitions. This could be the legal, social or traditional way of looking at a mother. A legal definition of a mother is such that as the legal dictionary 2012 states ‘a woman who has born a child is deemed a mother’. However this cannot always be the case for some women. As some women cannot bear children so one of the alternative solutions for them is to go down the route of adoption, other stages also such as fostering or even surrogacy. The social way of looking at a mother was mainly confined to mother and child and that the mother raised the child alone. Motherhood is a relationship and responsibility of caring and nurturing between a woman and a child. The child does not have to be born into the family for the woman to become a mother. A child could be born biologically between father and mother, adopted, born through surrogacy or even a woman taking her partners children as her own and nurturing the children and showing them the way of life till  they ready to start a family and carry on the roles of responsibilities towards their own children and raise them the way they have been raised. A mother is not only someone who gives birth to a child but someone who raises and nurtures a child into adulthood. This is where surrogacy, fostering and adoptive mothers come into it. As these women are not biological but they are still mothers. Motherhood is defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary as first â€Å"a female parent,† and secondly as â€Å"maternal tenderness or affection.† Inherent in this definition is the role of a mother as a nurturer. Moms coo to their babies, using soft, sweet voices. They handle their children with gentle mannerisms and softness. In addition, mothers instinctively try to protect their children from pain and suffering. This includes emotional pain as well as physical discomforts. Mothers provide a nurturing environment where their children can feel safe and secure. (www.livestrong.com) Gender ideology round motherhood is that mothers believe that anything they do or want to do is frowned upon from a gender role view, such as if a woman wants to work as a builder. For example: Builders are seen as a male role and that mothers should stay at home and cook, clean and look after the children. A traditional family such as two children and a mother and father, the wage earner was the father who worked full time and the mother stayed at home as a ‘housewife’ to look after the house and children and cook ready for father to come in from work. However if the other chooses to work they are mainly only in part-time employment earning a lot less than what the father does. Now in the 20th century there are more rights for mothers and more help is available for mothers to work and fathers to stay at home and look after the children. A mother’s employment has tripled since 1951 to 2008, and this is continuing to rise because of the number of welfare and benefi ts available for working families. From the 17th and 18th centuries ‘childhood’ was seen as a valuable time in their life and mothers started to breastfeed their children more. However upper class women thought breastfeeding was disgusting and did not feed their babies from the breast. In the nineteenth century ethnic women and white working class women were labelled true and good mothers whereas single mothers were looked upon and  were no better thought off. Middle class women had the freedom and choice to stay at home, women of colour were considered ‘scientifically’ inferior mothers and excluded from the ideologies surrounding good mothering. Motherhood is looked at upon differently in different cultures and beliefs, however most agreeing that mothers have a duty to care for the children by providing the safe and warm upbringing of their children. Mothers not only care for the child they are perceived to take responsibility to look after the household and the rest of the family. ‘ ’Eighteenth century British society insisted upon domesticity as the most appropriate venue for the fulfilments of a woman’s duties† (Francus, 2012) Mothers nowadays makes the decisions on behalf of her children and many organisations, such as doctors and schools consult the mother first before consulting the father. Sometimes the father does not have a say in what happens and can only back the mother up or disagree but sometimes legally they are not involved. Motherhood can be difficult to define as there are many changes happening in short spaces of time. For example; a mother could be a mothering figure to her partner’s children as a step mother, a grandmother could be bringing up her grandchildren for any number of reasons. Adoptive and fostering mothers are also seen as mothers but not in the biological sense, but in the nurturing of children. Surrogacy is a way for a woman to become a mother if they can biologically reproduced children themselves or chooses not to. Another woman carries the embryo that has come from the real father and the woman’s egg and planted into the surrogate mothers womb in order for her to carry the baby until the birth of the child where baby would be handed over to the parents. The question is who is the real mother of the child? If it is a gestational surrogacy where egg from woman and man’s sperm is fertilised into a surrogate mother then the woman whose egg it was would be classed as the biological mother, however must also be aware that the baby can still get the surrogate mothers personality or attitudes ( www.healthyguide.org ) However according to gov.uk it says that the woman who gives birth is treated as the legal mother even if they are not genetically related. In the US surrogacy is legal but in the UK surrogacy is illegal if you pay the surrogate, except for their reasonable expenses. Adoption is a process that allows children to be safely looked after by parents, women who choose to adopt must have a nurturing manner and a natural instinct and create a bond with the child and appreciates that it slowly happens over time. The child must be brought up and cared for like she gave birth the child naturally and guide the child to life expectancy. This role is not for the weak of spirit, or the easily wounded. Loving a child not born to her but calling him her own, but this is what she does, it is her calling. She is a mother. Years ago mothers were looked upon as been at home full time and teaching their children to have manners. Feminism demonstrated that women were restricted in what they did and didn’t have a say as becoming a mother was part of her nature, however she had to obey her husband in the decisions made within the household. According to Rothman (1989) a woman’s womb is her flower pot and that a man plants the seed which then produces the child, they became the fathers property as they came from his seed, even though the woman contributes to the reproduction process, however still they have no say. They were classed a medium contributor to the reproduction process and they carried the children and gave birth to the flower that blossom from the seed planted by the father. In the 20th century mothers have more rights and although some people still feel that fathers should go to work full time and be the breadwinner, now that times have change where the woman’s job was to l ook after the children, they now don’t feel scared or threatened to share the child upbringing with the father. There are a lot more ‘house-husbands at home while the mother goes to work, this gives fathers more involvement and help to nurture the children in life. Some mothers still feel they are selfish though by going to work and leaving the child, most tend to find part time jobs or take a flexible hours position so that they can fit work in around the children and still play a huge part in their children’s life. Unlike before in the early years a woman can plan her life and decide when is the best time to have a child, due to access to different contraception’s women can control if they become pregnant. They are in control of the decision and decide if they have the mother instinct and nurturing ways to raise and care for a child The following essay has discussed what ideology around motherhood is and how people perceive motherhood. It also has explained about motherhood in the olden days and that mothers were to stay at home to care for the children and household  c ompared to now in the 20th century and how times have changed and fathers have a more hands on approach with their children’s upbringing. Discussed within the essay it has explain that mothers are not just mothers through the biological reproduction process that they can be mothers by adoption, surrogacy, or raising children as they there are their own children and nurturing and loving the child the same way as a biological mother would. It also discussed about feminism and how times have changed and that people don’t assume that the mother is a full time mother and are not shocked to find that the father is looking after children and taking a more hands on role. Reference About.com (2013) What is a adoptive mother {online} available at: http://adoption.about.com/cs/wantingtoadopt/a/adoptivemothers.htm Accessed April 2013 Cole,E &Knowies,J. (1990) Motherhood: A feminist perspective. Vol 10:London,The Haworth press Francus, M. (2012). Monstrous motherhood: eighteenth-century culture and the ideology of domesticity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gov.uk (2013) Rights for surrogate mothers {online} available at: https://www.gov.uk/rights-for-surrogate-mothers Accessed April 2013 Livestrong.com (2013) Women’s life {online} available at: http://www.livestrong.com/woman/ Accessed April 2013 Llyod,E &Woollett,A (1991) Motherhood:meanings, practices and ideologies.Sage publications, California Suite 101 (1996) Social institution of motherhood {online} available at: http://suite101.com/article/social-institution-of-motherhood-a64879 Accessed April 2013 Social work and society international online journal (2011) Historical Perspective on the I deologies of Motherhood and its Impact on Social Work {online} available at: http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/270/445 Accessed April 2013 The free dictionary (2013) Mother, {online} available at: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mother Accessed April 2013 Wisegeek (2003) Motherhood,{online} available at: http://s.wisegeek.com/s/?cx=001721306601487571258%3Axvwilsw1lpg&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=ideology+on+motherhood&sa= Accessed April 2013

Gold Mining in South Africa Essay

The critical issue facing the mining industry according to Zoli Diliza chief executive, chamber of mines is ensuring that the mineral policies of South Africa aligns with the highest standard of administrative justice, promote an internationally accepted level of security of tenure and invariably promote an enabling environment that will attract investors into south Africa, hence, improving her competitiveness. Gold’s rarity, beauty and durability have ensured its use as a medium of exchange as well as astore of value There has been a power crises issue in South Africa which has led to the shut down temporarily of major gold operations. This is a serious problem that in that there is limited capacity to bring the mine workers of the enclosed spaces in the mine due to ventilation breakdown. Continues power outages which have resulted in disrupted operations in the goldmines obviously have a significant impact on world gold supplies mine, this is one of the reasons South Africa is taking the backseat as the world’s largest producer of gold with china taking the front seat. Lawrence William) (2008) It was recorded in 2010 that gold production was down to 200 tons. Despite the substantial increase in the real price of gold in recent years, there has been a continuous decline in gold production , unless substantive new capital investment in new mines is attracted the decline in production is likely to continue. There is also a decline in engineering and manufacturing activities associated direct ly to the gold mining industry. Inorder words, the consequence of the decline in gold production in south africa has been the loss of major sectors of South Africa’s previous substantive heavy engineering and manufacturing capacity The gold industry in the early 1990s experienced a tight profit squeeze and voilatility in prices, that period was also seen by rampant inflation. The pressure that generated the profit squeeze was as a result of workers demand related to their salaries as awell as housing, health and safety. Another important cause was due to stagnant prices which reducesd reserves amd discouraged exploration of mines. And as expected, the profitabilitu constraint led to retrenchment of workers as a management mechanism for the mines. The gold industry in SA faced a tight profit squeeze in the early 1990s. The gold price was kept at a constant nominal rand value by the Reserve Bank from 1988 to 1992 despite rampant inflation. The 1987 great mineworkers strike was the highpoint of employment numbers. Profit margins were under severe pressure both from worker demands–related to wages as well as housing and health and safety–and from stagnant commodity prices which reduced reserves and discouraged new exploration. In addition to profitability constraints, retrenchments were a weapon of mine management to reduce the effectiveness of the National Union of Mineworkers as it recovered from the strike–which had seen the dismissal of many union leaders. There was common cause that the industry needed to restructure in order to extend its life. The article put forward proposals from a labour perspective.

How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining. Essay Example

How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining. Essay Example How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining. Essay How to Resolve Conflicts and Get the Best Out of Bargaining. Essay A A A A A A A A A A A A Howard Raffia s life was really much influenced by the assortment of people he met all throughout his yearss of analyzing. At first he was really interested in the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, but as he progressed his involvements shifter in a deeper sense. He studied, graduated and taught in the University of Michigan, and after having his doctors degree in 1951 he accepted to learn Statistics in the Department of statistics and Game Theory in the graduate school of Administration in Harvard. A A A A A A A A A A A A He realized that if you wait long plenty, the resistance will bit by bit suggest what you desire, by so it ll be easier to open for dialogues. In his book he talks about the art and scientific discipline of Negotiation. Science in a sense that it is a systematic analysis for job resolution and it is art because it includes interpersonal accomplishments. He believes that there are differences between people in any sort of state of affairs, whether you re married or non, individual, divorced, immature or old, etc. Advancement is achieved by prosecuting persons in a certain state of affairs which increases tenseness and struggle may be a great organizing scheme. This book s chief concern is with the state of affairss in which two or more parties realizes the difference of involvements and the values that exists among them and in which they seek to set down a via media. Carraro, C. , Marchiori, C. , A ; Sgobbi, A. ( 2006 ) . Progresss in Negitiation Theory: Bargaining, Coalitions, and Fairness.Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.A 1-5. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from Social Science Research Network A A A A A A A A A A A A A A With a PH.D. achieved from Princeton University and a teaching calling at the University of Venice, Carlo Carraro is on the top of his game. Aside from those impressive certificates he is besides the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei s research manager. One of his confederates, Carmen Marchiori Teachs at the London School of Economics. She s really interested in Environmental economic sciences and development, clime alteration, game and dialogue theory. While their 3rd confederate, Alessandra Sgobbi besides achived a PH.D. at the School of Advanced surveies in the Venice Foundation. She s chiefly interested in the integrating of soft and difficult scientific disciplines in the formation of the economy-environment systems, and the survey of the Negotiation procedure. In the country of the natural resources direction and clime alteration formation she teams up with FEEM in assorted undertakings. She s besides an active member of the Coalition Theory Network.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Bargaining is a natural thing that happens daily. It is one of the major factors in a political and concern sense. The non-cooperative attack used in dialogues is the chief focal point of this paper which is indispensable to the survey of international dialogues. Thus the tactical picks of the parties included in this procedure necessitate to be finely planned out so that we can find the concluding result of the dialogue. In a bargaining state of affairs is when there are certain persons have the possibility of shuting a reciprocally good trade. There will ever be struggle with the assortment of involvements from the participants, and there s a regulation that no understanding is effectual without each of the participants blessing. This Non-cooperative bargaining theory s chief focal point is on the bargaining processs in the effort to find win-win result that will predominate in the absence of intercessions. When multiple participants or parties are involved, there s a great possibility that alliances are formed. In this scenario the traditional bargaining theory may non be represent this because it is believed that there can merely be two possible consequences ; the to the full concerted result and the to the full non-cooperative result. The Non-cooperative alliance theory considers the facet of the dialogue procedure and analyzes the motives which the participants may hold to hold in order to organize alliances and how they can impact the concluding consequence. This survey of the alliance formation is indispensable in dickering contexts where positive external factors are present. While the concerted bargaining theory focuses on the job of how to every bit split the benefits among the negotiating parties. Restriction is that you can non capture the particular inside informations of the bargaining procedure. As for justification the rational participants will take the consequence that will maximise their value, and that the most efficient sol ution will ever be realized irrespective of the procedure used. While the non-cooperative bargaining theory analyzes the exact processs of the bargaining theory in order to happen theoretical anticipations of what understanding will be reached by the participants. In a nut shell this attack seeks to place the chief schemes that may prolong cooperation and the variables that may act upon behaviour such as dickering power, uncomplete information, and power dealingss. A This diary supports the seminal theory because it further analyzes the negotiating processes. It explains how two variables undergo societal interaction in order have balance with the benefits obtained. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Buelens, M, A ; Mestdagh, S ( 2003 ) . Thinking Back In Where We re Traveling: A Methodological Appraisal of Five Decades of Research in Negotiation Behavior.A Research Methods in Negotiation, 1, 1-6A A A A A A A A A Prof.A Dr. Marc Buelens teaches direction at Ghent University and Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School and a hebdomadal editorialist for Trends . He has written several direction books, with his married woman Ann Vermeiren besides bestsellers on self-care ( Better Ensure Yourself ) and smooth interpersonal relationships ( The EPA-factor ) whileA Steven Mestdagh as a psychologist at the section of direction behaviour of the Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School.A He worked with the realisation of an organisational manual in English.A Themes such as EQ, personality and determination are his favourites, the interlingual rendition of basic penetrations into digestible takes his avocation. A A A A A A A A A A A A The chief point of this survey is to derive penetration in the chief methodological and statistical patterns that influenced Negotiation and made manner for possible spreads and tradeoffs. Because of the deficiency of decisive penetrations on the procedural patterns and tendencies there s a possibility that research workers are incognizant of the possible unsighted musca volitanss and tradeoffs that may restrain its farther development. Our chief purpose is to place the procedural displacements and forms that took topographic point in a dialogue research over the past five decennaries, and to place where dialogue research us headed in footings of tradeoffs being made. We will research the chief patterns and possible spreads within the countries of dialogue behaviour. We besides hope to supply sufficient penetrations and recommendations on some of the major methodological struggles in the field. A A A A A A A A A A A A It supports the seminal theory in a sense that it deepens or continues the theory itself. This survey tries to see what the possible spreads are in a dialogue state of affairs. Hawes, L. ( 2002 ) .A Negotiation TheoryA and Method.A James Holbrook Law.1-2.A A A A A A A A A A A A A He graduated from Macalester College in the twelvemonth 1966, while in the 1970 he already earned his Phd in Communication and Organizational Studies at the University of Minnesota. He was besides the manager of the Organizational Communication Research Institute at Ohio State University and since 1980 he has been a professor of Communication at the University of Utah. In the twelvemonth 1990, he founded the Conflict Resolution Certificate Program which is a Program that trains 34 professional negotiants and go-betweens in an intensive year-long class at the University of Utah.A He has written and published a batch in his academic calling on subjects runing from communicating theory and pattern, to organizational struggle declaration, to corporate difference declaration, problem-solving, decision-making and duologue. A A A A A A A A A A A A The procedure and merchandise of Negotiation is Communication. As a communicating procedure, dialogue takes topographic point in several generic signifiers ; distributive, integrative and transformative signifiers. This procedure goes through the system of reciprocality which is a system of taking bends ; this act generates the signifiers of communicating. It involves the 5 subjects of strategic intelligence and tactical inventiveness. In a microscopic sense in each bend you take it fundamentally cultivates your self-mastery, mental manners, vision, workability and integrating. While in a macroscopic sense each procedure, signifier and result is a definite consequence of how these 5 subjects are integrated in and through the bend by bend picks represents the communicating procedure of Negotiation.A A A A A A A A A A A A A This diary supports the seminal theory in a sense that they both agree that in Negotiation communicating is present. Two parties need to set down a via media, although in this diary it focuses more on the different generic signifiers of dialogue. A Action-Assembly Theory A Seminal Work: Greene, J. ( 1984 ) . A cognitive attack to human communicating theory: An action assembly theory.A Communication Monographs, 51, 289-306. John Greene was born in Portsmouth, Virginia in 1954.A A He is presently aA Professor of Communication and the module Associate for Center for Aging and the Life Course at Purdue University. His survey chiefly focuses on the Development and Initial Tests of an Action Assembly Theory. Along with Capella they pioneered AAT to turn to a contention over the presence of temporal beat in self-generated address. He won dozenss of awards and awards such as Outstanding Scholarly Edited Book Award in Applied Communication Division and National Communication Association in the twelvemonth 2005, identified as one of the top 100 most productive research workers in the field of Communication during the period 1915-2001, received Charles H. Woolbert Research award in the Speech Communication Association in the twelvemonth 1994, recognized as being among the most often cited writers in Communication and he was identified as one of the top three per centum of most active communicating research worker s in a survey of publication records performed by module members at the University of Miami. A A A A A A A A A A A A The Action Assembly Theory is aA communicating theory that focuses on theA psychologicalA and societal influences on human action. This theory describes the creative activity of behaviour in two critical procedures: the retrieval of methodological Factors from your memory, and forming these factors for the formations of an end product representation of the action to take Griffin, E. ( 2008 ) .A A First Look at Communication Theory.A New York: McGraw-Hill. A Em Griffin is a professor at Wheaton College since 1970. When he was in the University of Michigan he achieved a unmarried man s grade in Political scientific discipline and while he was in Northwestern University he achieved a Ph.D. and M.A. in Communication. John Greene s AAT explains the mental procedure I went through to bring forth the message that the audience eventually heard. He described the nexus between knowledge and behaviour, like how ideas are transformed to actions or wish fundamentally how we put together what to state. Green said that the production of behavior involves two procedures foremost is the retrieval of procedural elements and second is the organisation of these elements to organize an end product presentations of action to be taken. We construct our actions from our procedural records ; which are personal pieces of the truth about our past behaviour stored for possible usage. The specific end can be an action, feeling, or belief. Harmonizing to AAT the more procedural record has been exercised the stronger it gets. A He supports the seminal theory because in this literary work he portions his ad-lib experience in giving a talk about John Greene s Action Assembly Theory. So he chiefly merely explains to a unrecorded audience what the AAT is all about. Stork, S. , A ; Schubbo, A. ( 2010 ) . Human knowledge in manual assembly: Theories and applications.A Advanced Engineering Informatics.A 320-327. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from Science Direct A A A A A A A A A A A A Dr. Sonja Stock is an Allgemeine und Experimentelle PsychologyA from theA Department Psychology in Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat MunchenA in Germany. While Anne Schubbo is a senior lector of Experimental Psychology UnitA from the Department PsychologieA in the same university. A A A A A A A A A A A A Human knowledge is studied with regard to assorted cognitive psychological science findings and theories. This describes the effects of undertaking complexness and demands on both mental overload and undertaking public presentation. Compared to field surveies one of the advantages of a theory-based attack is the possibility of power over all of import influencing factors.A A In this survey it we have to do up for manual assembly to the development of an assistive system. So far there are no extended researches on the cognitive procedures in production environments have been conducted. The information processed in a manual assembly involved the whole field of cognitive maps from attending, attending and memory to action planning and executing. This can be used to split the complete assembly rhythm into relevant processing phases. A A A A A A A A A A A A This journal entry supports the seminal theory in a manner that they conducted a new survey based on the original theory A A A A A A A A A A A Whaley, B. and Samter, W. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) .A Explaining Communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars.A New Jersey: A Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Bryan B. Whaley works at the University of San Francisco as an helper professor in the Department of Communication, while Wendy Samter works at the University of Dela-ware as an associate professor in the Department of Communication. This theory focuses on the indispensable procedures of thought and making. It is cognitive theory this it seeks to explicate complex phenomena in its simplest manner. It besides explains how people generate significances and bring forth verbal and non-verbal behaviours that carry some relation to those significances in a manner that they describe how the head carries out activities.A Its two cardinal procedures are Activation and Assembly and the three constructions which are procedural records, unitized assemblies and end product presentation. This journal entry supports the seminal theory because they both proved that the AAT is a complex cognitive procedure that explains how ideas can be made into actions. A A A Active-Theory of Television Viewing A Seminal Work: Anderson, D. R. , and Lorch, E. P. ( 1979 ) . A Theory of the Active Nature of Young Children s Television Viewing. Society for Research in Child Development. 1-19. A A A A A A A A A A A A Daniel Anderson and Elizabeth Lorch presented this to the Society for Research in Child Development in the twelvemonth 1979. Their research and probe is used as the theoretical preparation in which kids s telecasting screenings are seen as a transactional procedure. A A A A A A A A A A A A One of the common misconceptions about telecasting screening is that it is proof a kid is a common victim of telecasting is that when a kid sits in a slightly dark room he or she softly gazes at the Television screen for an sum of clip. Television is besides perceived as addicting ; one time kids are exposed they can neer halt. But so the general cognitive developmental theory focuses in the active nature of kids s inactive knowledge. The thought of the theory is that when a kid positions telecasting they are stand foring their ain active cognitive minutess with the environment, sing that there are besides active elements beside inactive elements to TV screening. It is that from this experience a kid learns how to develop schemes of Television screening which is portion of their involvement in understanding what they are watching. In one of our surveies between kindergartner s ocular attendings to Television plans ; kids who have other activities divide their attending between the telecasting and that other activity. While a kid who has no alternate activity gives out full attending in the Television. A The longer a kid regard at the telecasting screen the more he/she will maintain looking. The kid s attending is hence locked with the telecasting. While the longer a kid has looked off from the Television it is more likely that he or she will non look back any longer. The decision of this research is that foremost a kid s attending to telecasting is greatly influenced by its environment ; second is the understandability of the Television plan which is determines whether a kid will stay its attending. Third is that inactiveness works to keep looking at the Television every bit good as non looking. Lastly is that properties of the telecasting service to obtain, keep, keep, and end looking at the Television. A A A A A A A A A Foster, E. M. , A ; Watkins, S. ( 2010 ) .A The Value of Reanalysis: Television Viewing and Attention Problems.A Child Development.81. 368-371. A A A A A A A A A A A A Both E. Michael Foster and Stephanie Watkins teach Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health at the University of Carolina. This survey suggests that sing telecasting is associated with attending shortage upset ( ADD ) . Our end is to reconsider whether small inside informations are important to the alterations in theoretical account specification at ages 1 and 3. And the effects of another hr of day-to-day telecasting to attending jobs are rather little. We re concerned with the analyses that involved household factors that may hold an consequence with telecasting observation. These analyses involved assorted factor such us background features of the female parent ; like academic excellence, and income. Poverty position covers a household s ability to purchase necessities which are really critical for a successful development. It might besides be a factor on how much a kid is allowed to watch telecasting. Unobserved factors are impossible to mensurate, although they are accounted for in estimation.A On manner involves fixed-effects appraisal, this method has been used for developmental analyses. This met hod allows kids to hold their ain intercept. It implies that telecasting screening may cut down attending jobs although was non statistically important. Our analyses proved two things ; one is that the nexus between early telecasting screening and its hazard of holding attending jobs is merely important in 10 % of kids who watches 7 or more hours of telecasting daily. This diary entry merely supports a few parts of the seminal theory. It says here that an excess hr of day-to-day telecasting merely creates a elusive sum of job and that there are different factors that may impact the negative deductions of Television screening among kids. A A Newcomb, H. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television: Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: Taylor and Francis Group. A A A A A A A A A A A A He published the first edition of the book entitled ; Television: The Critical View in the twelvemonth 1976. He is besides a professor of Telecommunications at the University of Georgia. His chief profession in learning focal points on screenwriting and telecasting surveies. A A A A A A A A A A A A This theory focuses to turn out that attending is related to comprehension. For illustration when a kid tickers something that is designed for kids attending is turned to that content. On the other manus when stuff is no long comprehensible or distractions occur attending is hence deflected. The diary supports the seminal theory because it agrees that telecasting can instantly catch the attending of kids. Stanley, B. and Davis, D. ( 2009 ) .A Mass Communication Theory: Foundation, Ferment, and Future, 5thEdition.A Boston: WadsworthA Cengage Learning A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Stanley Baran earned his PH. D. at the University of Massachussets in communicating research after antecedently taking his M.A. in news media at PSU ( Pennsylvania State University ) . Previously he was in charge of the Radio-TV-Film section alumnus plan and while there he won dozenss of learning awards. He presently he teaches in Bryant University and he is presently the establishing president of the school s communicating section. While Dennis K. Davis teaches mass communicating theory, new media literacy, international communicating, research method and political communicating at Pennsylvania State University. He is besides tenured as a professor at Cleveland State University, Southern Illinois University and the University of North Darkota. He besides served as the editor of the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media by Broadcast Education Association. A A A A A A A A A A A A Active theory of Television screening shows that kids are both reactive and inactive. It views the audience that they are actively and consciously seeking to understand the content of what they are watching. A This theory focuses on its cognitive nature. Beyond 2 A? old ages old your ocular attending to the telecasting additions but so subsequently on degrees of on your school age old ages. Once ocular attending increases it reflects on your cognitive development. A A A A A A A A A A A A It journal supports the seminal work because they both explained that a kid is both reactive and inactive in footings of Television Viewing. Extra Beginning: Biographic Statements of Active Participants. ( 2005 ) . Retrieved July 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.feem-web.it/cp05/05bio_car.html Dr. Sonja Stork. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psy.lmu.de/exp/people/ma/stork/index.html E. Michael Foster: Professor of Maternal and Child Health School of Public Health. ( 2005 ) . Retrieved July 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unc.edu/~emfoster/ Emory A. Griffin. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ivpress.com/cgi-ivpress/author.pl/author_id=478 Horace Newcomb in conversation with Tara McPherson. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved July 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/4/article/320 Lector in Environmental Policy and Economics. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved July 2010, fromhttp: //www2.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/cmarchiori @ lseacuk.aspx Marc Buelens. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lannoo.be/content/lannoo/wbnl/listview/1/index.jsp? auteurcode=427 Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future, International Edition, 5th Edition. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved July 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cengage.com/asiahed/instructor.do? isPrint=true A ; product_isbn=9780495567066 A ; disciplineName=Mass % 20Communication A ; disciplinenumber=3119 A ; product_isbn=9780495567066 A ; codeid=5B8E A ; courseid=MSC04 PD. Dr. Anna Schubo . Retrieved July 8, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psy.lmu.de/exp/people/ma/schuboe/index.html SGOBBI ALESSANDRA. Retrieved July 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.feem.it/getpage.aspx? id=296 A ; sez=People Stanley J. Baran. ( 2006 ) . Retrieved July 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mhprofessional.com/contributor.php? cat=115 A ; id=30628 Steven Mestdagh. Retrieved July 13, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lannoo.be/Content/lannoo/wbnl/listview/1/index.jsp? auteurcode=1789 The Dialogics of Conversation: Power, Control, Vulnerability. Retrieved July 12, 2010, from www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/11909

Games and Gambles

Games and Gambles Games and Gambles Games and Gambles By Mark Nichol This post lists and defines words stemming from game and gamble, both of which derive from the Old English word gamen, meaning â€Å"amusement,† â€Å"fun,† and â€Å"joy.† A game is an activity for amusement or diversion, or a scheme or a tactic, and to make game of someone is to mock that person. In the first sense, the word may refer to an activity that has little or no equipment, such as tag, or to a game of chance or skill or a combination thereof- anything from a board game (one with a playing board with a design that facilitates playing the game, such as Monopoly) or a video game (also designed to regiment the procedure of playing the game) to an athletic or intellectual contest. (The second element of backgammon, the name for a particular board game, derives from gamen.) Game also refers to various aspects of competition, such as a manner or aspect of playing (as in referring in American football to a â€Å"passing game,† which denotes a playing strategy focused on passing the ball rather than running with it). In plural form, it pertains to an organized set of competitions, as in â€Å"the Olympic Games.† Game also applies, by extension, to an activity on the analogy of amusement or competition, or as a pursuit that, like most games, has more or less established rules, such as in â€Å"the game of love.† (Game also serves as a synonym for specialty, as in â€Å"Office politics is not my game,† with the connotation that one has no interest in or talent for the referenced activity.) Endgame refers to the latter stages of a chess game or, by extension, to the final stage of an action or process, generally with the connotation of a strategic goal. As an adjective, game means â€Å"motivated or prepared to participate† or â€Å"spirited† (gamely is an adverb that applies to engaging in an endeavor with one sensibility or the other), and gamelike pertains to something resembling or suggesting a game. â€Å"Ball game† refers to a sport in which a ball is used, though, by extension, it pertains to any contest or any situation in general, as in the phrase â€Å"a whole new ball game.† (A game ball, meanwhile, is a ball used in a game and awarded to someone as a prize for their contribution to victory in the competition.) Game play refers to an established procedure for playing a particular game. A game face is an expression of concentration and determination shown by a competitor, a game plan is a strategy (the verb form is game-plan), and a game show is a broadcast program in which contestants compete in a quiz or some other activity or series of activities. A game changer (or game-changer) is an element or factor that alters the status quo. A gamer is a person who plays games, though the term almost invariably refers to someone who plays computer or video games. Game is also the basis of a number of idiomatic phrases, which will be discussed in a future post. From the notion of hunting and fishing as an endeavor carried out for amusement rather than or in addition to sustenance, wild animals hunted for both purposes, and the flesh of such animals, are called game. Terms that include game and pertain to hunting or fishing include â€Å"game animal,† â€Å"game bird† or â€Å"game fowl,† and â€Å"game fish† (any species of various types of creatures that are hunted), as well as â€Å"game bag† (a sack for carrying carcasses of birds one has hunted). A game cock is a rooster trained to engage in cockfighting, and a game hen is a small species of fowl, while a gamekeeper is a person responsible for breeding and protecting game animals on a private estate or preserve. A game cart is a small horse-drawn cart, perhaps originally intended to carry game after a hunt. The adjective gamy (or gamey) can pertain to bravery or spirit, but it more usually applies to the smell of game animals or to an unpleasant smell in general, and it can mean â€Å"corrupt,† â€Å"salacious,† or â€Å"scandalous.† To gamble is to play a game or engage in an activity in a game of chance, to bet, or to take a chance. A gamble is an act of taking a risk, or something risky, or the act of playing a game of chance; gaming also applies in the last sense. One who gambles is a gambler, and the activity of doing so is called gambling. A gambling house, also known as a gaming house, is a place where gambling, legal or otherwise, takes place. (Such a location is also sometimes referred to as a gambling den or, from the notion of the addictive allure of gambling, a gambling hell.) A gaming room, meanwhile, is a room used for such purposes, and a gaming table is a piece of furniture, often customized to accommodate game equipment and game play, at which gamblers stand or sit to engage in gambling; a gambling device is a mechanism, such as slot machine, that facilitates gambling. Gambit (â€Å"tactical move† or â€Å"topic†) and gambol (â€Å"frolic†) are unrelated, as is the sense of game meaning â€Å"lame,† as in the phrase â€Å"a game leg.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?15 Great Word Games20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Human Resource Management Program in Electronic Firm in Ontario Case Study - 1

Human Resource Management Program in Electronic Firm in Ontario - Case Study Example Evaluators are likely to dismiss or assign scores based on their liking. Third, the success rate of the test is extremely low which raises eyebrows. If only 20% are likely to pass the test then it seems like its serving a totally different purpose other than the intended. 50% success rate would be reasoning enough if the tests were valid and reliable (Gatewood, et al., 2011). Based on the above-highlighted problems reported on the selection program, a more motivating program that serves a relevant purpose should be adopted. First, the management team should devise and develop academic/mental interview questions and evaluation criteria that can assess employees in the electronic arena which is relevant to their job descriptions and not ask outrageous questions. To test for practical skills, the panel should ask the employees to perform some relevant operations using electronic equipment and replace the metal peg activity (Gatewood, et al., 2011). Also, much more transparency in the manner in which the procedure is undertaken should be enhanced such as openly printing out the results with the score criteria clearly elaborated. The union has valid arguments that can be backed up by the payment/compensation packages offered by the company. It can compare the kind of work the employees do with the remuneration. As reported, the company seeks to hire inexperienced workers so as to pay them as little as possible. Consequently, the confidentiality of the procedure is a point worth noting. The union can claim that the examinees’ results are tampered with since they are enclosed. Thirdly, the invalidity of the test questions is a strong argument to bring across as the activities asked to be performed are irrelevant to the nature of work. This is an indication that there is a hidden motive (Gatewood, et al., 2011).

Moral, Social and Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral, Social and Political Philosophy - Essay Example Held charged traditional philosophy with presenting masculine morality as gender neutral and superior to those of women. The paradigms used, such as the contractual, conflict, competition and controversy models, are by themselves forms of gender bias and support patterns of domination and subordination. The ratiocinations of Alasdair MacIntyre in his essay Is Patriotism a Virtue, although admittedly an improvement over traditional Western concepts of morality and philosophy is actually founded on its basic masculine bias and interests. It remains to be contract, conflict, competition and controversy driven, resting on public rather than private realities. Espousing the particular characteristics and merits of one's particular nation is relevant only within the framework of physical national boundaries and the competition for resources and relies on a culture of scarcity, selfishness and rivalry. Identity is not really inflexible and set on hard and fast rules. MacIntyre's rejection of objective and impartial moral vantage point from which to view patriotism is superficial. He even acceded that personal morality is colored by its source, the culture of its situs and the ethics of its teachers. It is an admission that the subject is learned by osmosis subconsciously and not from formal education. It is highly susceptible to emotional prodding of self-interest and pride. Patriotism is only partially induced by the maternalist ethics of care which Ms. Held would like to become the foundation of modern morality, philosophy and politics. As such, it cannot cross the chasm of bias and regionalism which would be otherwise in a culture of care where responsible beings would be willing to let go of superficial standards in order to achieve a more enlightened national or even world culture. 2. Current morality and ethics on war and capital punishment depends on the justness of the grounds and the means for doing so. A reactive war on self-defense and self-preservation in response to an invasion or attack is accepted as ethical and moral and so would a pre-emptive one if a threat of invasion or attack is eminent and likely. A just war is not one for invasion and selfish purposes and ends. The convictions of doing away with armed conflict between political communities came about after suffering two world wars and centuries of smaller ones and embodied in the United Nations Charter. Only the possibility of international cooperation could prevent any nation from using force to gain territory, wealth and resources from another. The Clausewitz definition is no longer probable except under the auspices of the United Nations. A disagreement in governance no longer justifies killing of a multitude by another nation. Nevertheless, wars do break out once in a while as long as nations keep arms and manufacture them. Killing as a way of punishment is justified by way of social protection and retaliation for the commission of serious crimes. This is practiced because imprisonment of the criminal for life does not ensure deterrence of criminal behavior and rehabilitation of the convict, in addition to taxing the treasury of necessary funds to keep the criminal behind bars. It has also been asserted that the same goes with capital punishment and death does not reform the criminal nor make amends especially for the murder of another person. There is always the possibility of

To what extent are a company's annual report and accounts useful in Essay

To what extent are a company's annual report and accounts useful in understanding and analysing its market, productive and fin - Essay Example This paper discusses the usefulness of annual reports in understanding a company’s market, production and financial performances. Management perspective A company needs to strive to remain in competition within the framework of several internal and external factors like political, economical and social structures. The owners delegate most of their responsibilities to the senior management thus elevating the power of the management to decide a company’s objectives and to design policies for the purpose of realisation of those objectives. It is only with the guidance obtained by studying annual reports and accounts, the management can make operational and strategic reconfigurations of resources for the purpose of consolidating the position of the company in the competitive market. The independent controlling power of the management separate from the owner ensures that the sole objective of profit optimization cannot be realised since the company’s policies and beha viours are also controlled by various other factors. Technically, profit can be maximized if the organisation can detect â€Å"marginal cost, marginal revenues and production output up to a point where marginal cost of the last unit produced just equates to the marginal revenue received from its sale.† (Haslam, et al, 2000, p.4) In fact, a set of rules and regulations of accounting helps the management to identify the production cost and sale price of each unit to determine the company’s performance in the fields of production and sales. The annual reports reflect the performance patterns of a company from one period to the other (Haslam, et al, 2000, pp.4-5). Users of accounts Annual reports and accounts can be defined as means of â€Å"communication of information about the financial position and performance of an entity to interested parties.† (Laidler & Donaghy, 1998, p.1) In any company, every year balance sheet and profit and loss account are published in a document form along with other financial statements, together known as annual reports and accounts. These accounts are useful for both internal personnel like directors and managers, and also external people like investors, creditors, customers etc. Investors are those people who invest their money by purchasing shares of a company thereby taking risks in the hope of getting dividends in due time. For this purpose they need to know the management efficiency of the company in order to determine whether their investments will be profitable. Employees and trade unions study the annual reports to become aware of the financial stability of their company to decide whether they will be continued to be employed at appropriate levels of remuneration. The annual reports are also important for the lenders like banks and individuals who lend money to a company. They need to be aware whether the company will be able to repay their money together with their interest in due time. Similarly, for creditors and suppliers, the annual reports give them the information whether they will be getting their payment at the right time. Then there are customers like other organisations who purchase goods from the company; they need to know the financial stability of the company to remain satisfied that goods and services will be

The Objectives Of Human Resources Development

The Objectives Of Human Resources Development The objectives of this report are to look at the Human Resource Management (HRM), Human Resource Planning and Development (HRP D), and Performance of McDonalds restaurant. Furthermore, it explains the human resource management activities, models of human resource management, effectiveness of organisational objectives, performance monitoring of McDonalds restaurant. The human resources of any organisation are the most important resource that is the direct connected between the quality of the workforce and ultimate goals. The human resource department of McDonalds is responsible for right people, right number, right jobs, right time, right cost with right knowledge, skills, experience in the right place and also responsible for training of all staff and keeping evidence on them. It also indicates us what is the usage of human resource management and how does it work in the company. McDonalds fast food restaurant began in America in 1954. It is leading food service retailer around the world with more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving 47 million customers each day. Moreover, McDonalds is one of the world most well-known and valuable brands and increasing share in the globally. Now it is recognised worldwide establishment and first restaurant in the UK. Today more than 2.6 million people of the UK trust about McDonalds and go to eat due to provide good food with a high standard, quick service and value of money. Task-1 Human Resource Management (HRM) Human resource management is the people management function where organizational function is fulfilled and focuses on the issues related to people for example compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration ,training and, etc. As defined by Storey in 1995, HRM is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Human Resource Management (HRM) Activities Human Resource Management (HRM) deals with the Human feature of an organisation. There are many activities of an organisation to achieve their ultimate goals. To cite an example Recruitment and selection, training and development, human resource planning, provision of contracts, provision of fair treatment, provision of equal opportunities, assessing performance of employees, employee counseling, employee welfare, payment and reward of employees, health and safety, dismissals and redundancy, and etc. I am explaining three of them as below Recruitment and Selection In an organization, a change happens in the level of employees where HR department maintain the requirement of personnel to meet the demand. For effective recruiting, recruitment process can be costly and takes a great deal of time to set up. It includes on what jobs needs, advertising, application, identifying who best meet the criteria, interviewing candidates, finally selecting the best candidate for the post, and etc. McDonalds advertise their job vacancies on their specialized websites and use their own personnel department to recruit staff. Objectives of the Recruitment and Selection The objectives of the recruitment and selection process of human resource management are as below: To identify the most appropriate candidate to fill each post. Keep the cost of selection down Making sure that necessary skills and qualities have been specified and developing a process for identifying them in candidates Make sure that the candidate selected will want the job, and will stay with McDonalds To make the most of the effectiveness of the McDonalds recruitment and selection practices. Achievement of the Recruitment and Selection In the McDonalds, recruiting process is run throughout the year. Like other organisations, McDonalds recruit internally and externally, and they for the most part recruit their managers and Assistant managers internally rather than externally, because it is easier and less training is needed due to the candidate is well known about the job. Just about 50% of McDonalds salaried managers are promoted from within McDonalds. In addition, for preparing the job description, McDonalds describe the job title, department, location, the responsibilities, the job purpose and duties. McDonalds uses the application form with questions which are typical questions, to know what qualification the applicant has, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and etc. Application form fill-up and make the answer of question is the first step for applicant at crew member level. For the recruitment process, Interview is the most crucial part for McDonalds potential employee. From the short listed candidate, McDonalds call for interview with area manager or store manager at their flexible nearest branch. From the face to face interview, interviewers can know about applicants, such as behaves, confidence, knowledge, and basically how the applicants come across as a person. At crew member level, interview is the second step for applicant. At this step, short listed candidates involve selecting a small number of applicants for the next stage. This selecting process will be carried on until the right numbers of candidates are found with the wanted quality. As a result, the recruiting team can be able to distinguish easily the strong applicants from the weak hundreds of applicants. McDonalds inform to the successful candidate over mobile phone or by email within one week. One day, McDonalds arrange an induction for a new employee that may turn him or her into a long term, loyal member of staff. In the McDonalds, the induction process begins even before the candidate is offered the job. Training and Development From the initial training that is called skill training, Employee can know the basic job knowledge of each position and can develop. Moreover, ongoing training program provides a more advanced level of job knowledge and make an economical employee. An ongoing programme of training evaluation enables employees to keep training up to date and according to the demand of the business. McDonalds training and development programme is an important part to the 100% customer satisfaction that the company aims to achieve ultimate goal. Objectives of the Training and Development McDonalds arranges training and development programme for many reasons. For example, training and development programme may be introduced to: Increase job satisfaction and motivate employees, as a result, reducing absenteeism and labour turnover. Reduce wastage and accident rates by gaining a excellent performance across the workforce. Develop the skills of existing employees to cope with labour shortages Establish the most effective and efficient working methods in order to maximize productivity and remain competitive Use of new equipment and the application of new technology. Achievement of the Training and Development We believe that training is the foundation of any success and McDonalds think so. Immediately, training begins with a one-hour orientation in McDonalds. Each branch of McDonalds has its own video player and training room. Stepby step manuals and video tapes are played every detail of the operation. So, McDonalds is dedicated to the training and development of all their employees, providing career opportunities. So, it is an ongoing process of all McDonalds employees it is everyones job, every day. According to the employee position, all employees are to receive induction training followed by a structured development program. After completing the initial training, they are to pass one Observation Check list (OCL) in the particular area with successfully. In McDonalds has 21 days of employment probationary period. During this probationary period, employees performance is to evaluate. For example, standard of work, personal attitude, teamwork, focus of customers, hygiene and etc. After completing the probationary period, they must be achieved a competency rating of satisfactory. If they fail to meet the standards of required of performance, they can be terminated at any time during their probationary period. Human Resource Planning To achieve the McDonalds goals, human resource planning is concerned with getting the right people, using them perfectly, and training and developing them. In order to meet McDonalds aims and objectives successfully, people using are to identify perfectly and effective way and to identify any problem that are likely to occur (such as recruiting the best candidates) and then getting with proper solution. Human Resource Planning (HRP) is the process of ensuring an organisation has the correct staff at the right time, with the right skills and abilities in the right place. Objectives of the Human Resource Planning The aims of Human Resource Planning (HRP) are to create the best use of human resources look forward to the problems with surplus staff build up a well trained and flexible workers decrease organisations dependence on outside recruitment agencies Achievement of the Human Resource Planning Like all other businesses, for daily activities carry out McDonalds need the assistance of staff. All the important number of staff in McDonalds fulfils a key role in its operation. Without sophisticated technology McDonalds would not be successful, for setting up properly human being are responsible. If the manager of McDonalds do not select the potential employees in careful way and do not match against the ability of post that means who are unsuitable, it can create a number of problem, for example poor productivity levels no good feeling among staff job dissatisfaction high absenteeism levels customer complains dismissal replacement For demand of labour, McDonalds analysis its future plans and estimate the levels of activity within McDonalds. As a result, they can predict that the organisation has right number of potential employee with right quality. The external labour market is very important for any organisation because of it can make up of potential employees, locally, regionally, who have the right skills and qualification necessary at any time. For McDonalds, local unemployment figures are very important who give the indication of the general labour availability required at that time. Also, Human resource planning of McDonalds includes searching at how labour is organised within a business or an organisation. Theoretical Models of Human Resource Management Generally, human resource strategy is performance or behaviour based. In addition, employees are a main resource for any service organisation. Organisations which successfully manage change are those which have integrated their policies with their strategies and strategic change process. Johnson Scholes (1992) Exploring Corporate Strategy There are a lot of models associated within an organisation. Such as: The Fombrum, Tichy and Davanna model The Harvard model The Warwick model Guests model and etc Two models are explained among them as below: The Harvard model According to the Harvard Model, HRM polices need to derive from critical analysis of: the demands of the various stakeholders in a business and a number of situational factors Hannagan Tim, 1995 Employees are variable and valuable for any organisation. Moreover, organisations are owned and operated by various employees or people (stakeholders), the task of the management is to balance the returns to every person involved. The Harvard model emphasises on the importance of integration HR policies with business objectives. The Harvard Model is emphasised as the soft approach to HRM, employees like stakeholders of the company. In this model has discussed four areas such as, reward system, employee influences, human resource flow, and work systems, there are also included situational factors such as influence of trade unions, labour market, and laws. These are also relevant to the theory. The effectiveness of the HRM is related to the four Cs with the theory. The four Cs are Commitment, Competence, Congruence and Cost-effectiveness. According to the Harvard theory, employees are an asset rather than a cost. In McDonalds, line managers are responsible for people and store managers are responsible for the day to day running as a mixture of both the hard and soft approach. McDonalds believes that Staffs are an asset for them which are shown by training provision and should provide long term investment for the company. Guests Model Devid Guest has developed his model based on the Harvard model and included four outcomes which has developed into four policy goals Strategy integration Commitment Flexibility Quality Guests (1987) theory, is also included in McDonalds policy, Guest believes the organisation should, aim for high level of commitment from staff, obtain high quality output, continually improve standards, flexibility from staff, no fixed job definitions, working practices and conditions and seek strategic integration through HR policies. In McDonalds, improving standards continuously and flexible working times offering for staff. Line managers of McDonalds accept HRM policies and combine them into strategic plans, staff changing roles are allowing within the organisation. Acknowledged as culture, every organisation has different values, ideas and beliefs that affect the way they operate. According to Handy, there are four types of culture; Power, Role, Task and Person. McDonalds culture combines two of these. Top management of McDonalds reflects power culture that makes the overall decisions and allowing rapid response to decisions. Other one is the task culture. In McDonalds, the overall aim of the organisation is task orientated and focussing on team culture, and powerful communication between all levels of staff. McDonalds has integrated the contingency approach by considering the environment culture. Contingency approach suggests that different problems and situation require different solution, for making a sound solution, need both internal and external influences fit together. Also, this approach influences promotions of staff that comes from the company means McDonalds restaurant. It is very helpful for the staff and staffs are offered appraisals that means increasing job opportunities for staff. Task-2 Human Resource Planning and Development For a company, human resource planning is the recognition of the future labour requirements needed and how these requirements are going to be met. Human resource planning is the process by which a company ensures that it has the right number and kind of staffs, at the right time in the right place for which they are economically most useful for a company. The use of human resource planning is a big deal for any organisation. For employee develop, human resource development (HRD) is the framework. By which, employees can develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human resource development includes many opportunities such as employee training for developing them, performance management and development, mentoring, series planning, key employee identification, organization development and etc. Human Resource Planning Model Best Practice Model Best Practice HRM is the idea that a particular bundle of HR practices has the potential to contribute to improved attitudes and behaviours, lower levels of absenteeism and labour turnover, and higher level of productivity, quality and customer service, ultimately generating higher organisational performance and profitability. Marchington Wilkinson (2002) Components of best practice include employment security and internal promotion, selective hiring and firing, extensive training, learning and development, employee involvement and voice, high compensation upon organisational performance, reduction of status differentials, etc. (Marchington Willinson, 2002; Hughes Julia M, 2002 International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management Vol.14 No.5) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Practice Model In McDonalds, more than 40% of senior managers have been promoted on the inside and not hired from outside directly. In the kitchen of the McDonalds restaurant, crewmembers are started their career by working at the smallest possible level of the chain of command. So, they carry out learning, training and development programs on a regular basis and lengthily which is reflected in their HR activities. McDonalds also offers high level of employment security. By implementing valuable and variable human resource activities, employee have been successful in developing dedicated and competent labour force who bring quality and customer satisfaction. By the recent market situation of McDonalds, employers can be observed easily what the condition of them is. On the other hand, according to the best practice model, employers can take long term view of strategy. In addition, from the view of personal experience, it is observed that the lowest level staffs (who work in the kitchen) generally do not have awareness of the strategy of the organisation. Also, some companys strategy is different. To cite an example, the lowest level staff of ASDA , they can give suggestion for the organisation. Their opinion senior management level can be considered or received. In additional, reward of the employee is totally appraisal based not on performance based. From the above discussion, it can be said that McDonalds is practising many components of the best practice model but do not implement full best practice model. Best-Fit (Contingency) Model There are three different models are defined under contingency as below (1) Business Life Cycle, (2) Strategy/Structure, and (3) Business Strategies (1) Business Life Cycle It includes four stages of organisational development for example, start-up, growth, maturity, and decline. This model also includes some human resource functions such as recruitment and selection, reward and benefit, staff training and improvement, employee relationships and etc with business life cycle stages. Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Business Life Cycle) If McDonalds, want to open a new branch still today anywhere in the world, continue recruitment all around the year. (HR department, Headquarters, McDonalds) As seen earlier, Training and development has been practiced regularly and comprehensively. According to the Best fit model, during the growth stage, McDonalds recruit sufficient members and run through effective management and organisational growth. To match with HR function of an organisation, McDonalds always try to control labour costs, maintaining staff peace and getting better productivity during maturity stage. It is very difficult to say exactly that McDonalds is in which stage of Business Life Cycle but they are mature and growing at particular rate. (2) Strategy/structure Miles and Snow (1984; Cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999) identified four modes of strategic orientations: Defenders, Prospectors, Analysers, and Reactors. Defenders companies have limited product line and the management focus on getting better the efficiency of their existing operations. HR practices in defenders include extensive and long-term focus, well defined career ladders, clear grading structures, employee share ownership, well-established HR function, etc. Prospectors are companies with fairly broad product lines that focus on product innovation and market opportunities. It is right performance standards and expectations (Bratton and Gold, 1999) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Strategy/structure) By extensive training and development, McDonalds corporate strategy and issue want to improve their efficiency and always running to take the product into new markets. So, it can be said that McDonalds is followed the combination of Defenders and Prospectors. (3) Business Strategies (This model is based upon Porters competitive advantage model) Michael Porters (1980; cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999) formulated a framework that describes three competitive strategies: low cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy. In a differentiation strategy, managers try to distinguish their services and products-such as brand image or quality. In this way, value is added to the product and reflected in the product price. (Purcell, 1999 Human Resource management Journal Vol.9 No.3) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Business Strategies) By distinguishing McDonalds brand and providing quality of food and service around the world, McDonalds has achieved their present position. They have standard recruitment methods and policies, and highly focussed training and learning, reward system for staff remuneration. In McDonalds, line management function is very close with HR function, which has come from their HR strategy and activities. So, from the above discussion, it can be said that McDonalds is following differentiation strategy. Basic Human Resource Planning Model Recruit skilled workers Develop technical training programs Transfer managers from other facilities Recruiting and training programs feasible Transfers infeasible because of lack of managers with right skills Human Resource programs are made according to the organizational objectives and strategies require for achieving human resource goals. Moreover, human resource objectives are directly associated to the organizational objective and planning. To open a new branch of any company, Human Resource department need to think about production staffs, line managers, business manager, technical staffs and etc. Workforces are valuable for implementing the new product line, factory, distribution system, and achieving organizational goads. Effectiveness in achieving organizational objectives to human resource planning model HR department of McDonalds recruit skilled workers, develop technical training programs, and transfer managers from other facilities with right skills. They develop training programs regularly and broadly which are reflected in their activities. Although, employee hire is too costly from outside, sometimes, McDonalds hires the recruit managers from outside. After gaining most of things, McDonalds develop new objectives and new strategic plan for achieving ultimate goals. It involves forecasting outcome of various HR programs for employee flowing into, all the way through and out a variety of job classifications. They determine how existing program and added program or combination of program will be done and need to no capability of combining program. If HR department of McDonalds do not find practicable human resource program, they must change strategic plans. They are researched internal, external, and demand forecasting information. Such as, internal forecasting information- organizational features, productivity, promotion, demotion, transfer, turnover, and external forecasting information- external labor market aspects, controllable company factors and demand forecasting information- organizational strategic plans, size of organization, organizational design, employee support, and managerial support etc. Task-3 Performance management For the successful practices of people management, performance management is a holistic process which bringing together many elements of the organizational function. It includes particular learning and development, and gives an overview of employee status. Performance management is establishing a culture where individual and groups get responsibility for continuous development of business process and their own contributions, skill and behavior. Performance management is about interrelationships and improving the quality of relationship between manager and individual, between manager and teams, between members of teams, and etc. So, McDonalds believe that it is a joint process, not a one off-event, not just managers, apply to all employees. Therefore, McDonalds business manager can make clear what they look forward to individual and teams to do. For example, how they should be managed and what they need to do their jobs. Human Resource performance monitoring McDonalds follows the ongoing performance management for employees. For example, setting goals, monitoring the employees accomplishment of those goads, contributing feedback with the employees, evaluating the employees performance, rewarding performance or firing the employee. Performance management includes frequent activities to establish organisational aims to achieve those goad more effectively and efficiently. McDonalds believe that the best approach to accomplish value for money is to monitor the performance levels of staff and want to reduce wasteful actions. Effective Human Resource Performance By monitoring improvement, departmental managers or business managers can assess the efficiency of employees and determine which ones are meeting the terms of their agreement and contributing to McDonalds success. McDonalds monitoring is the quality of work being produced that is one of the features and the efficiency levels within departments. Employees performance helps the manager to know how they have been getting better in their business with the employees. For the future, it is an employee roadmap which increases job satisfaction. McDonalds think that it can help to develop their talent pool, support potential assessment and succession planning. Suggest ways to make improvements Sometimes, we see that poor performance lead to dismissal. If without checking, wastefulness is allowed to continue, staff will lose interest, motivation will be concentrated and no encouragement to produce good quality products or services. If the employees know that what jobs are doing, how they are doing, employees will be happier. If they know that they are doing good jobs, thats recognized, generally, they will keep on to do a good work and may make well every effort to do more. Otherwise, if they do not get people feedback, they are not doing good job, company cannot expect them to be either satisfied or productive. From the view of the company, if staffs are inefficient, customers will not return to McDonalds for repeat purchase due to many complaints and uncompleted responsibilities will push up costs to a very high figure. So, need to inform them according to responsibility.